Frame rate

The measure of the number of frames displayed sequentially per second of animation in order to create the illusion of motion. The higher the frame rate, the smoother the motion, because there are more frames per second to display the transition from point A to point B.

persistence of vision

WHAT IS PERSISTENCE OF VISION?

Stop Frame ( freeze )

Stop Motion Animation is a technique used in animation to bring still objects to life on screen. This is done by moving the object in increments while filming a frame per increment. When all the frames are played in sequence it shows movement. Clay figures, puppets and miniatures are often used in stop motion animation as they can be handled and positioned easily. Films like the original King Kong and Star Wars made heavy use of stop motion animation using miniatures and puppets. This was the only way to bring objects that cannot move by themselves to life on screen. 

Lumiere Brothers

The Lumière brothers

The Lumière brothers were born in Besançon, France, in 1862 and 1864.

They patented a number of significant processes leading up to their film camera - most known for their film perforations as a means of advancing the film through the camera and projector. The cinématographe was patented on 13 February 1895 and the first footage ever to be recorded using it was recorded on 19 March 1895. This first film shows workers leaving the Lumière factory.

In 1907 they produced the first practical colour photography process, the Autochrome Plate.

Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison

Edison originally got his idea for the patent of the kintoscope on October 17, 1888, saying that he would make a machine that could record and reproduce objects in movement. 

The design for the kinetoscope was made of a closed
 cabinet in which the film was spooled. To operate the
 machine, the user opened the top and looked through
 a small hole, and as the film was moved across a series
of rollers, a backlight would lighten it, creating the illusion of a moving picture, as long as the film was rotated at the correct speed. When the kinetoscope was first shown to the public in 1894, it became a big hit.

Eadweard Muybridge

Eadweard Muybridge 

Muybridge was an eccentric English inventor/photographer, who became known to the world as a leading pioneer in motion photography. He became renowned for his work on animal locomotion, which involved using multiple cameras to capture motion in stop action photography. Muybridge produced at the time ground breaking photographs where he developed a miraculous process for capturing movement on film, which in turn laid the groundwork for the motion picture industry.

Muybridge died on May 8, 1904 at his birthplace. His contributions to art and photography spurred the works of other inventors, including Thomas Edison and Etienne-Jules Marey. Muybridge’s innovative camera techniques not only enabled people to see what our naked eyes could not pick up, but also formed an important scientific study that also contributed to the development of moving film. He created an array of  beautiful and fascinating sequence of images that to this day continue to inspire us.                   In 1872, the former governor of California Leland Stanford, a race-horse owner, hired Eadweard Muybridge to undertake some photographic studies. Stanford had reputedly taken a bet on whether all four of a racehorse's hooves are off the ground simultaneously. On 15 June 1878, Muybridge set up a line of cameras with tripwires, each of which would trigger a picture for a split second as the horse ran past. The results, as shown in this plate, settled the debate.

Emilie Raynaud

Emilie Raynaud

The Praxinoscope was the first invention of Émile Reynaud in 1876. Patented in 1877, it's a toy giving the optical illusion of movement.

It used a drum, just as the zoetrope had, with the images drawn on a band placed around the inside of the cylinder.

But rather than having slits through which the images were watched, the cartoon strip was reflected in a series of mirrors, mounted in a ring set halfway between the outer edge of the drum and the central axle .When the drum was spinning, the viewer watched the progression of images in the mirrors. A candle was set above the axle allowed the images to be seen more clearly.